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Fayette Avery McKenzie
Fayette Avery McKenzie (July 31, 1872 – September 1, 1957) was one of the most prominent educators of the American Progressive Era and devoted his professional life to the uplift American Indians and Blacks in the United States. McKenzie was the first American sociologist to specialize in Indian affairs and an influential expert on government Indian policy. McKenzie was a founder of the Society of American Indians (1911), a member of President Calvin Coolidge's Advisory Council on Indian Affairs "Committee of One Hundred" (1923), and an author of the Brookings Institution Meriam Report (1928), marking the ideological shift in American Indian policy to restore of tribal self-government and communal lands.〔Christopher L. Nicholson, “To Advance a Race: A Historical Analysis of the Personal Belief, Industrial Philanthropy and Black Liberal Arts Higher Education in Fayette McKenzie’s Presidency at Fisk University, 1915–1925”, (hereinafter “Nicholson”), Loyola University, Chicago, May 2011, p.1-3.〕 From 1915 to 1925, McKenzie was President of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. McKenzie's tenure, before and after World War I, was during a turbulent period in American history. In spite of many challenges, McKenzie developed Fisk as the premier all Black university in the United States, secured Fisk’s academic recognition as a standard college by the Carnegie Foundation, Columbia University and the University of Chicago, raised a $1 million endowment fund to ensure quality faculty and laid a foundation for Fisk’s accreditation and future success.〔Nicholson, p.299-301, 315-318.〕 McKenzie was a Professor of Sociology at Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania from 1925 to 1941.
==Early years==
Fayette Avery McKenzie was born July 31, 1872, in Montrose, Pennsylvania, one of four sons of Edwin and Gertrude McKenzie, a merchant and a homemaker.〔Nicholson, p.15-16.〕 McKenzie's father lost nearly everything in the financial crash of 1876. In 1890, the family moved to South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where McKenzie completed his senior year in high school. McKenzie attended Lehigh University from 1891 to 1895, where he earned a B.S. and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Upon graduating from Lehigh University in 1895, McKenzie spent the summer studying at the University of Pennsylvania under Franklin Henry Giddings, a prominent sociologist and economist from Bryn Mawr College, and Simon Nelson Patten, Professor of Economics at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania. For the next two years, McKenzie tutored families of railroad officials of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1897, Martin Grove Brumbaugh, a long-time McKenzie family friend and President of Juniata College, in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, offered McKenzie a position at the college teaching French, German, English, history, and economics.〔 In 1900, Brumbaugh, who was to become Governor of Pennsylvania from 1915 to 1919, helped McKenzie secure a scholarship to pursue doctoral work in sociology and economics at the University of Pennsylvania. To help pay his living expenses while in school, McKenzie taught modern languages at the Blight School for Boys in Philadelphia, often teaching five hours prior to going to the university for classes and study in the evening.
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